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Sheffield_Figure3

Figure 3 — A representative sample of diplopore-bearing echinoderm fossils. A. Holocystites salmoensis (Ordovician Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada) with large mouth and short food grooves (GSC126899; modified from Sheffield et al.; 2017). B. Paulicystis sparsus (Silurian, Indiana, USA) with buried diplopores that are exposed only if the fossil has been weathered (SUI 48164; modified from Sheffield and Sumrall; 2017). C. Side view of Estonocystis antropoffi (Ordovician, Estonia), with long, relatively wide food grooves (GIT 540-80). D. Top view of Estonocystis antropoffi (GIT 540-80). E. Side view of Haplosphaeronis sp. (Ordovician, Estonia) with wide holdfast that would attach to a hard surface during life (GIT 540-3; modified from Sheffield and Sumrall; 2019). F. Top view of Haplosphaeronis sp. with short, branched food grooves (GIT 540-3). G. Holocystites cylindricus (Silurian, Indiana) with an elongated and narrow shape (YPM 19175; modified from Sheffield and Sumrall; 2019). H. Eumorphocystis multiporata (Ordovician, Oklahoma) with arm structures that come off the surface of the body and a stem, as opposed to a holdfast (SUI 97599; modified from Sheffield and Sumrall; 2018). I. Amphoracystis irregularis, a diploporitan without diplopores or other known respiratory structures (NM-L 13063; modified from Sheffield and Sumrall; 2019). GSC, Geological Survey of Canada; SUI, the University of Iowa; GIT, Geological Institute of Tallinn; YPM, Yale Peabody Museum; NM-L, Prague National Museum. Scale bars, 1 centimetre.

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